„Plemię żmijowe” i psie wymiociny, czyli o funkcji antycznej inwektywy

In the ancient literature (Greek, Roman, Jewish and Christian) we can easily find expressions full of irony and insults. In this article the author tries to present the role of invective in antiquity. As it results, it was necessary to use invective in polemical works, because expressions full of irony and insults were nothing else as rhetorical moods